In summary, the hybrid integration of photonic materials using an LN film is a highly effective strategy for built-in photonics which can avoid the etching of LN. Even so, irrespective of whether the LN movie operates as a best cladding or simply a substrate, the changeover loss involving The 2 https://lithium-niobate-crystal58013.blogthisbiz.com/39060050/lithium-niobate-crystal-secrets